2017年4月12日 星期三

[信訊舊文重溫] 聖週:禮儀及靈修的高峰(五)聖週星期六 及 復活守夜

[信訊舊文重溫]

聖週:禮儀及靈修的高峰



(五)

聖週星期六 及 復活守夜


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我母校澳門聖若瑟大學有慶曾邀得著名禮儀學家安鵬浩神父客座,教授禮儀神學一課。我曾在2009/10學年習修該課;並在(二零一零年)三月十日參與由天主教香港教區禮儀委員會主辦,由國際知名的禮儀學家安鵬浩神父所主講的禮儀講座。在即日徵得講者安神父同意後,曾在澳門堂聯《信訊雙週刊》編譯講座主要內客。今天重溫舊文,希望能與大家一同重溫聖週各禮儀行動中更深入的意思,從而度一個更豐碩的聖週。
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聖週星期六


1. 「到第七天,天主造物的工程已完成,就在第七天休息,停止了所作的一切工程」(創2:2)。教父著作是以基督奧蹟的光照下來解釋這段聖經的。在第一天基督進入耶路撒冷以開始新創世的工程,在第六天當祂被釘在十架上時這工程就完成了,在星期六祂就從祂的工程中休息。隨著祂被埋於墓中,聖週星期六是基督休息的日子。

  a. 有關聖週星期六的一篇古老講道這樣說:「這是甚麼?今天一份無比的寂靜降臨於地上,隨之而來的還有一份孤獨。這是無比的寂靜,因為君王沉睡了;大地顫抖並且寂靜,因為上主安睡於肉身之中,…天主死於肉身」。

  b. 寂靜、嚴肅的舉動、孤寂的感覺,和回憶都是聖週星期六的特點。這是我們對基督所作的事的敬畏和欽佩的外在表達。在教堂內唯一可聽到的是誦讀日課經的聲音。祭台上沒有任何布和裝飾,也不舉行彌撒。唯一可領聖體的,就只是為臨終者的臨終聖體。

2. 在聖週星期六,教會在上主的墓前守候,默想著祂的受苦和死亡。在中世紀時代,這天是用以朝拜聖墳的。巴哈(Johann Sebastian Bach)的《馬太受難曲》(St. Matthew Passion)中的總結句就壯麗地抓住了聖週星期六的神髓:「我們帶淚坐在祢墓旁,向祢低聲細說:安睡吧!安睡吧!」。



另附一些不錯的《馬太受難曲》演奏:

Bach, Matthäus-Passion BWV 244. Karl Richter (1971):


Bach Matthäus Passion St Matthew BWV 244 John Eliot Gardiner & The English Baroque Soloists:



復活守夜(Easter Vigil),一切守夜之母


1. 聖奧斯定稱復活守夜為一切守夜之母(編譯按:vigil又即前夕、提前彌撒),因為一年之中的我們所舉行所有其他守夜(聖體前守夜、殯葬守夜等)都是從這一個晚上取得其意義,並某程度上延續著其效能的。聖奧斯定這樣寫道:「當我們在這晚上守夜,回憶著我們的主的埋葬時,我們想要我們的守夜與祂為我們而沉睡的時間相一致。在祂沉睡時,我們莊嚴的舉行守夜,好使當最後我們從永恆的守夜中準備起來時,祂也會為我們守夜」。

2. 復活守夜禮分為以下四部分:燭光禮、聖道禮、聖洗禮儀及重宣聖洗誓願,以及聖祭禮。整個慶典的中心部分是聖洗禮儀和聖祭禮儀。四旬期的重點是有關皈依、懺悔和準備聖洗聖事的天主聖言,復活節的重點則是聖洗聖事和感恩聖祭。


A. 燭光禮

教宗方濟各於聖伯多祿大殿中主持2014年復活守夜燭光禮

1. 光是復活守夜的組成和象徵部分。首先,我們記起在時間伊始時光的受造,當天主說:「有光」("Let there be light")。藉著祂的復活,基督成了世界的光。其次,我們用光來標誌那些已受洗的人已成了在主內的光。殉道者聖猶斯定稱聖洗聖事〔希臘文〕「Photismos」為或即照亮。

2. 在古時,燃點油燈和蠟燭是時辰頌禱禮中〔拉〕「lucernarium」的一部分,lucernarium是在一個重要慶節前夕的守夜祈禱。燃點巴斯卦蠟燭是「lucernarium」所遺留下來的禮節之莊嚴形式。

  a. 主祭〔在巴斯卦蠟燭上〕刻上十字聖號、希臘字母alpha和omega,以及當下之年份,並說:「往昔和現在全屬於基督。祂是元始和終結、萬有的真源、宇宙的依歸。時間屬於祂;世代屬於祂」。這些說話全都是教會的信仰,就是靠著祂的復活,基督已贏得萬世億代的絕對統治;祂是基督徒明白宇宙內的萬物的關鍵。當下的年份也被刻在巴斯卦蠟燭上,以標誌著這年也是上主之年,即這年也屬於祂。

澳門教區前任主教在澳門教區主教座堂主持2010年復活守夜禮

  b. 在〔進堂〕遊行中執事或司鐸隨著他把巴斯卦蠟燭的光向四方傳開的同時,三度宣告「基督的光」。現在巴斯卦蠟燭代表著基督──我們的光。由燃點著的巴斯卦蠟燭所引領的遊行使我們憶起選民的出谷事件。火柱曾在他們往應許之地的路上引領他們。我們也是一樣,在我們從罪惡的奴役到天主子民的自由的出谷中由基督所引領。

  c. 《逾越頌》是一首被認為是出自米蘭的聖安博的第四世紀的聖詩。這是一次莊嚴的宣告曾在今晚所發生的基督復活事件。這就是為甚麼《逾越頌》把其焦點集中於夜晚。這夜晚事實上就是出谷之夜、聖洗之夜、復活之夜。

  因著作為一首詩體的特權,《逾越頌》一字一語都展示出當天主給出祂的兒子和祂的恩寵時的無限愛情,這一切都幸虧亞當的罪,以使我們獲得基督作為我們的救主:「聖父,祢對我們的眷愛,令人驚訝!祢對我們的寵愛,無法估計!為了拯救奴婢,你竟然捨棄了〔拉丁原文作tradidisti,字意:背叛了〕你的愛子。亞當之罪賴基督的死亡一筆勾消,啊!天主的救恩高深莫測;亞當的罪反而成了必要!使人因禍得福的罪啊!你竟然為人帶來了如此偉大的救主!」

另附《逾越頌》短片及歌詞:

2015年聖伯多祿大殿復活守夜《逾越頌》片段:


《逾越頌》中譯:

天上的眾天使,請歡欣踴躍!
天主的眾僕人,請讚頌上主,為了偉大君王的勝利,一起謳歌慶祝。
普世萬民,請擊鼓奏樂!  因為永生之王的光輝驅散了黑暗,照耀著世界。
我們的慈母聖教會,要與我們同樂!天主的子民共聚一堂,同聲歡唱,慶祝基督光榮的複活。
領:願主與你們同在。
答:也與你的心靈同在。
領:請舉心向上。
答:我們全心歸向上主。
領:請大家感謝主,我們的 天主。
答:這是理所當然的。
我們全心全靈、同聲讚 頌無形可見的、全能的天主聖父,並稱揚祂的唯一聖子——我們的主耶穌基督,實在是理所當然的:因為基督代表我們,向聖父還清了亞當的罪債,並為我們受苦犧牲,免除了我們應受的處罰。
現在是我們的逾越慶典:真正的代罪羔羊為我們作了祭獻,祂的寶血保護信友合家平安。
在這一夜,祢拯救了以色列的子孫,祢幫助他們逃離埃 及,安然穿過紅海,擺脫了奴役他們的敵人。
在這一夜, 祢藉火柱的光芒,驅散了罪惡的黑暗。
在這一夜,普世的基督信徒,遠離了邪惡,滌除了罪污,恢復了聖寵,加入了聖者的行列。
在這一夜,耶穌基督催毀了死亡的鎖煉,凱旋地走出了陰府。
聖父,祢對我們的照顧,令人驚奇,祢對我們的慈愛,無法估計:
為了拯救奴婢,祢竟然將愛子捨棄。
亞當的罪過確有必要:賴基督的死亡,一筆勾消。天主救人的計劃真是深奧。
幸運的罪過啊!你竟然為人賺得瞭如此偉 大的救主!
這真是神聖的一夜:它為我們驅散邪惡,滌除罪過,使墮落者痛心悔改,給憂苦者帶來了喜樂。
這真是幸福的一夜:天上與人間又走上合一之路,天主與人類再和好如初。
在這神聖的一夜,祈求聖父接受我們的讚頌,收納我們的晚祭。
教會藉著祢簡選的聖職人員,將蜂蜜製成的蠟燭,呈奉在祢台前,代表我們對祢的心願。
上主,我們懇求祢,使這為光榮祢而奉獻的蠟燭,驅逐長夜的黑暗,常燃不熄。
願此蠟燭的光芒,為天主所悅納,猶如馨香;加入星辰的行列,照耀四方。
願此燭光常燃不熄,直到曉明之星的升起。這永遠照耀的曉明之星,就是指基督自己。
祂已從死者中復活,光照普世,祂是祢的聖子,永生永王。
答:亞孟。

《逾越頌》拉丁文版:

Exsúltet iam angélica turba cælórum:
exsúltent divína mystéria:
et pro tanti Regis victória tuba ínsonet salutáris.

Gáudeat et tellus, tantis irradiáta fulgóribus:
et ætérni Regis splendóre illustráta,
tótius orbis se séntiat amisísse calíginem.

Lætétur et mater Ecclésia,
tanti lúminis adornáta fulgóribus:
et magnis populórum vócibus hæc aula resúltet.

[Quaprópter astántes vos, fratres caríssimi,
ad tam miram huius sancti lúminis claritátem,
una mecum, quæso,
Dei omnipoténtis misericórdiam invocáte.
Ut, qui me non meis méritis
intra Levitárum númerum dignátus est aggregáre,
lúminis sui claritátem infúndens,
cérei huius laudem implére perfíciat.]

[V/ Dóminus vobíscum.
R/ Et cum spíritu tuo.]
V/ Sursum corda.
R/ Habémus ad Dóminum.
V/ Grátias agámus Dómino Deo nostro.
R/ Dignum et iustum est.

Vere dignum et iustum est,
invisíbilem Deum Patrem omnipoténtem
Filiúmque eius unigénitum,
Dóminum nostrum Iesum Christum,
toto cordis ac mentis afféctu et vocis ministério personáre.

Qui pro nobis ætérno Patri Adæ débitum solvit,
et véteris piáculi cautiónem pio cruóre detérsit.

Hæc sunt enim festa paschália,
in quibus verus ille Agnus occíditur,
cuius sánguine postes fidélium consecrántur.

Hæc nox est,
in qua primum patres nostros, fílios Israel
edúctos de Ægypto,
Mare Rubrum sicco vestígio transíre fecísti.

Hæc ígitur nox est,
quæ peccatórum ténebras colúmnæ illuminatióne purgávit.

Hæc nox est,
quæ hódie per univérsum mundum in Christo credéntes,
a vítiis sæculi et calígine peccatórum segregátos,
reddit grátiæ, sóciat sanctitáti.

Hæc nox est,
in qua, destrúctis vínculis mortis,
Christus ab ínferis victor ascéndit.

Nihil enim nobis nasci prófuit,
nisi rédimi profuísset.
O mira circa nos tuæ pietátis dignátio!
O inæstimábilis diléctio caritátis:
ut servum redímeres, Fílium tradidísti!

O certe necessárium Adæ peccátum,
quod Christi morte delétum est!

O felix culpa,
quæ talem ac tantum méruit habére Redemptórem!

O vere beáta nox,
quæ sola méruit scire tempus et horam,
in qua Christus ab ínferis resurréxit!

Hæc nox est, de qua scriptum est:
Et nox sicut dies illuminábitur:
et nox illuminátio mea in delíciis meis.

Huius ígitur sanctificátio noctis fugat scélera, culpas lavat:
et reddit innocéntiam lapsis et mæstis lætítiam.
Fugat ódia, concórdiam parat et curvat impéria.

In huius ígitur noctis grátia, súscipe, sancte Pater,
laudis huius sacrifícium vespertínum,
quod tibi in hac cérei oblatióne solémni,
per ministrórum manus
de opéribus apum, sacrosáncta reddit Ecclésia.

Sed iam colúmnæ huius præcónia nóvimus,
quam in honórem Dei rútilans ignis accéndit.
Qui, lícet sit divísus in partes,
mutuáti tamen lúminis detrimenta non novit.

Alitur enim liquántibus ceris,
quas in substántiam pretiósæ huius lámpadis
apis mater edúxit.

O vere beáta nox,
in qua terrénis cæléstia, humánis divína iungúntur!

Orámus ergo te, Dómine,
ut céreus iste in honórem tui nóminis consecrátus,
ad noctis huius calíginem destruéndam,
indefíciens persevéret.
Et in odórem suavitátis accéptus,
supérnis lumináribus misceátur.

Flammas eius lúcifer matutínus invéniat:
ille, inquam, lúcifer, qui nescit occásum.
Christus Fílius tuus,
qui, regréssus ab ínferis, humáno géneri serénus illúxit,
et tecum vivit et regnat in sæcula sæculórum.

R/ Amen.


B. 聖道禮


1. 現在的聖道禮提供九篇讀經,當中包括書信和福音。在第六世紀以前,在羅馬,讀經的數目為六。六世紀以後這數目一躍成為十二,甚至在拉特朗大殿廿四,因為十二篇分別以拉丁語和希臘語誦讀以方便在羅馬生活而操不同語言的信友。

  a. 仔細點看舊約的讀經,我們就能夠把那些主題集合起來:創世、出谷、教會、救恩的普世性、聖洗聖事作為智慧,以及聖洗聖事作為新生。簡言之,這些讀經是在講論創世和救贖。

  b. 但這些讀經並不僅是純粹為對天主在救恩史中所作的事的回顧。緊接著每篇讀經的禱文都確認天主在以往曾經作過的,今天祂仍這樣作;祂曾對亞巴郎和曾透過眾先知所許諾的,祂今天仍在聖洗聖事中將之實踐。其分別只是在於實踐比許諾本身奇妙得多。

  c. 在舊約的最後一篇讀經之後,光榮頌被頌唱而教堂內的鐘都喜樂的迴響著。在書信之後,亞肋路亞被莊嚴地唱出。從這夜起,直到四旬期再來以前,光榮頌和亞肋路亞將不斷地提醒我們這眾夜之夜,這所有守夜之母。


C. 聖洗和感恩禮儀


1. 聖洗聖事和感恩聖事是兩件使我們的四旬期、聖週和復活三日慶典達到高峰的聖事。一個完整的復活守夜慶典包括聖洗聖事、堅振聖事和共融聖事,或簡言之,基督徒入門聖事。整個四旬期和復活守夜禮的安排,尤其是讀經,全是指向聖洗慶典的。

2. 復活守夜慶典的完整性要求由會眾所作的重宣聖洗宣願。某程度上,為基督徒團體來說,這是整個四旬期的高峰。這就是為甚麼重宣領洗宣願應受到更多的關注,有更周詳的計劃,和有更健全的教理講授。對我們這些已領洗的人來說,重宣領洗誓願的意思就是我們承諾我們自己,借用聖安博的話:「去緊握著耶穌基督的十架不放,去緊握著那幾口釘,以及不要讓魔鬼誘惑我們從那十架上下去」。


(待續)


安鵬浩神父(Rev. Anscar J. Chupungco O.S.B.),本篤會士,菲律賓保祿六世禮儀學院主任,菲律賓天主教主教團禮儀委員會執行秘書。他曾任教於宗座羅馬聖安瑟莫禮儀學院超過20年,亦曾出任宗座聖禮部顧問。他已於2013年1月9日安息主懷。






English Original:
[Both text and audio can be downloaded from the website of the Hong Kong Catholic Diocesan Liturgy Commission]

LITURGY AND SPIRITUALITY OF HOLY WEEK

Anscar J. Chupungco, OSB


HOLY SATURDAY


1. "On the sixth day God completed all the work he had been doing, and on the seventh day he ceased from all his work" (Gn 2:2).  The patristic literature explains this passage in the light of Christ's mystery.  Christ entered Jerusalem on the first day of the week to begin the work of the new creation, completed it on the sixth day when he died on the cross, and rested on Saturday from his work.  Holy Saturday is the day of Christ's rest, as he lay buried in the tomb.

   a. An ancient homily on Holy Saturday reads: "What thing is this?  Today a great silence has fallen on earth, and with it also solitude.  There is great silence, because the King sleeps; the earth trembled and was silent, because the Lord slept in the flesh... God died in the flesh".

   b. Silence, gravity of demeanor, a sense of desolation, and recollection are the characteristic traits of Holy Saturday.  These are external expressions of our awe and admiration at what Christ has done.  In churches the only sound that can be heard is the chanting of the divine office.  The altar is left bare and the holy mass is not celebrated.  Holy Communion is given only as viaticum to the dying.

2. On Holy Saturday the Church waits at the Lord's tomb, meditating on his suffering and death.  In the middle ages it was the custom to venerate the holy sepulcher on this day.  The spirit of Holy Saturday is magnificently captured by the concluding chorus of J.-Sebastian Bach's Passion according to St. Matthew: "We sit by your grave with tears on our eyes, and to you we whisper: have a restful sleep, have a restful sleep".


EASTER VIGIL, THE MOTHER OF ALL VIGILS


1. St. Augustine called the Easter vigil the mother of all vigils, because all the other vigils we celebrate in the course of the year (Eucharistic vigils, vigils for the dead, etc.) draw their meaning from it and in some way prolong its effect.  St. Augustine writes: "While we keep vigil on this night during which we recall to mind the burial of our Lord, we want our vigil to coincide with the time when he slept for us.  Thus in the very night when he slept we keep vigil.  During the time of his sleep we solemnize a vigil, so that when finally we have arisen for the eternal vigils, he may keep vigil for us".

2. The Easter vigil is arranged in four parts: the service of light, the liturgy of the word, the liturgy of baptism and renewal of baptismal vows, and the liturgy of the Eucharist.  The central parts of the entire celebration are the baptismal and Eucharistic liturgy.  While the season of Lent centered on the word of God for conversion, penance, and preparation for baptism, Easter centers on the sacraments of baptism and the Eucharist.

A. The Service of Light

1. Light is an integral and symbolic part of Easter vigil. First, we recall the creation of light at the dawn of time, when God said: "Let there be light".  By his resurrection Christ became the light of the world.  Second, we use light to signify that those who have been baptized have become light in the Lord.  St. Justin Martyr called baptism "Photismos" or illumination.

2. In antiquity the lighting of lamps and candles was part of the office of the "lucernarium" which was a type of vigil prayer before an important feast.  The lighting of the paschal candle is a solemn form and a remnant of that office of the "lucernarium".

 a. The celebrant traces the sign of the cross, the Greek letters alpha and omega, and the current year, saying: "Christ yesterday and today, the beginning and the end, alpha and omega, all time belongs to him and all ages".  These words are a profession of the Church's faith that by his resurrection Christ has gained absolute dominion over all ages; he is the key to the Christian understanding of everything in the universe.  The current year is written on the paschal candle to signify that this year is also the year of the Lord, that is, it belongs to him.

 b. At the procession the deacon or priest proclaims "Christ our light" three times, as he spreads light around him from the paschal candle.  The paschal candle now represents Christ who is our light.  The procession led by the lighted paschal candle reminds us of the Exodus of the chosen people.  The column of fire guided them on their way toward the Promised Land.  We too are guided by Christ on our Exodus from the slavery of sin to the freedom of God's people.

3. The "Exultet" or Easter proclamation is a fourth-century hymn attributed to St. Ambrose of Milan.  It is a solemn proclamation of Christ's resurrection that took place on this night.   This is why the "Exultet" focuses its attention on the night.  This night was in fact the night of the Exodus, the night of baptism, the night of the resurrection.

   With poetic indulgence the "Exultet" exclaims in words that show the immensity of God's love when he gave away his Son as well as the immeasurable grace, thanks to Adam's sin, of having Christ as our Redeemer: "Father, how wonderful your care for us!  How boundless your merciful love!  To ransom a slave you gave away [Latin: tradidisti, meaning betrayed!] your Son.  O happy fault, O necessary sin of Adam, which gained for us so great a Redeemer!"

B. The Liturgy of the Word

1. The present-day liturgy of the word offers nine readings including the epistle and the gospel.  Before the sixth century the number of readings in Rome was six.  After this the number became 12 or in the Lateran Basilica 24, because the 12 readings were in Latin and Greek for the benefit of the Greek-speaking faithful in Rome.

   a. Looking closely at the Old Testament readings, we are able to gather the chief topics: creation, Exodus, Church, universality of salvation, baptism as wisdom, and baptism as new life.  In short, the readings speak about creation and salvation.

   b. But the readings are not meant to be taken merely as a review of the things God accomplished in the history of salvation.  The prayer that follows every reading affirms that what God did in the past he still does today, that what he promised to Abraham and through the prophets he now fulfills in the sacrament of baptism.  The difference is that the fulfillment is more wondrous than the promise itself.
   c. After the last reading from the Old Testament the Gloria is sung and the church bells are rung festively.  After the epistle the Alleluia is intoned solemnly.  From then on, until Lent, the Gloria and the Alleluia will constantly remind us of this night of nights, of this mother of all vigils.

C. The Liturgy of Baptism and Eucharist


1. Baptism and Eucharist are the two sacraments that culminate our Lenten, Holy Week, and Easter Triduum observance. A complete celebration of Easter vigil includes the sacraments of baptism, confirmation, and communion, or in short, the sacraments of Christian initiation.  The entire Lenten season and the plan of the Easter vigil, especially the readings, are all directed to the celebration of baptism.

2. The wholeness of the Easter vigil celebration requires the renewal of baptismal vows by the assembly.  In a sense, for the Christian community this is the culminating point of the entire Lenten observance.  That is why the renewal of baptismal vows should be given greater care, planning, and catechesis.  For us who are already baptized, the renewal of baptismal vows mean that we commit ourselves, in the words of St. Ambrose, "to cling to the cross of Jesus Christ, to cling to his nails, and not to allow the devil to lure us down from the cross".

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